APA Style Guide: 6th Edition

When a resource has 2 authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in your text. Use 'and' to combine the names if it is within the text or '&' to combine the names if it is in parentheses.

Examples:

1. Lukeman and Rose (2003) suggest there is a benefit to asking plot questions and looking at character detail.
2. Whether it is in a positive or negative way, a reader needs to care about the characters enough to keep reading (Lukeman & Rose, 2003).

If you are referring to a resource with 3 to 5 authors, you are required to include each author in the in-text citation the first time the reference occurs, with 'and' preceding the final name if it is within the text or '&' preceding the final name if it is in parentheses. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by 'et al.' and the year.

Examples:

Initial citation in text:

1. Lukeman, Guthrie, and Rose (2004) believe that citations are the best way to recognize where information originated.
2. Citations are the best way to recognize where information originated (Lukeman, Guthrie & Rose, 2004).

Subsequent in-text citations:

1. Lukeman et al. (2004) believe that citations are the best way to recognize where information originated.
2. Citations are the best way to recognize where information originated (Lukeman et al., 2004).

If you are referring to a resource with 6 or more authors, include only the surname of the first author followed by 'et al.' and the year for each in-text citation.

Examples:

Initial and subsequent in-text citations:

1. Levitt et al. (2018) believe that researchers should appreciate the value of presented quantitative findings.
2. Researchers should appreciate the value of presented quantitative findings (Levitt et al., 2018).

If you are referring to a source that has no author, list the first few words of the reference (usually the title of the item) followed by the year. Italicize the title if it is a book, journal, report, or brochure. Use quotation marks around the title if it is an article, chapter, or webpage. If you are able to find a group or organization responsible for the content, follow the instructions found under the "Group, Organization, or Corporate Author(s)" tab.

Examples:

Article, chapter, or webpage:

1. Polar ice caps have decreased substantially between 2010 and 2015 ("Climate Change Crisis," 2018)
2. "Climate Change Crisis" confirms that climate change is real based on the declining size of the polar ice caps between 2010 and 2015 (2018).

Book, journal, report, or brochure:

1. Polar ice caps have decreased substantially between 2010 and 2015 (Climate Change Crisis, 2018).
2. Climate Change Crisis (2018) confirms that climate change is real based on the declining size of the polar ice caps between 2010 and 2015.

If you are referring to a resource with a group, organization, or corporate author, you should spell out the name of the organization each time it appears in an in-text citation; however, if it is a name that can be readily identified through an abbreviation, you may abbreviate the name in subsequent citations.

Example:

Initial in-text citation:

(Canada Revenue Agency [CRA], 2018)

Subsequent in-text citations:

(CRA, 2018)